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''Armillaria gallica'' (synonymous with ''A. bulbosa'' and ''A. lutea'') is a species of honey mushroom in the Physalacriaceae family of the Agaricales order. The species is a common and ecologically important wood-decay fungus that can live as a saprobe, or as an opportunistic parasite in weakened tree hosts to cause root or butt rot. It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms fruit bodies singly or in groups in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been inadvertently introduced to South Africa. ''Armillaria gallica'' has had a confusing taxonomy, due in part to historical difficulties encountered in distinguishing between similar ''Armillaria'' species. The fungus received international attention in the early 1990s when an individual colony living in a Michigan forest was reported to cover an area of , weigh at least , and be 1,500 years old. This individual is popularly known as the "humungous fungus", and is a tourist attraction and inspiration for an annual mushroom-themed festival in Crystal Falls. ''Armillaria gallica'' is a largely subterranean fungus, and it produces fruit bodies that are up to about in diameter, yellow-brown, and covered with small scales. On the underside of the caps are gills that are white to creamy or pale orange. The stem may be up to long, with a white cobwebby ring that divides the color of the stem into pale orange to brown above, and lighter-colored below. The fungus can develop an extensive system of underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs, that help it to efficiently decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. It has been the subject of considerable scientific research due to its importance as a plant pathogen, its ability to bioluminesce, its unusual life cycle, and its ability to form large and long-lived colonies. ==Phylogeny, taxonomy and naming== |2=''A. gallica'' (M70) }} |2= |3=NABS X |4=''A. nabsnona'' }} }} |2=''A. tabescens'' |3=''A. mellea'' }}}}}}}} |caption=Phylogeny and relationships of ''A. gallica'' and related North American species based on amplified fragment length polymorphism data. SY22, ST23, and M70 are ''A. gallica'' specimens collected from Michigan, Wisconsin, and British Columbia, respectively.〔 }} Confusion has surrounded the nomenclature and taxonomy of the species now known as ''Armillaria gallica'', paralleling that surrounding the genus ''Armillaria''.〔 The type species, ''Armillaria mellea'', was until the 1970s believed to be a pleiomorphic species with a wide distribution, variable pathogenicity, and one of the broadest host ranges known for the fungi.〔 In 1973, Veikko Hintikka reported a technique to distinguish between ''Armillaria'' species by growing them together as single spore isolates on petri dishes and observing changes in the morphology of the cultures.〔 Using a similar technique, Kari Korhonen showed in 1978 that the European ''Armillaria mellea'' species complex could be separated into five reproductively isolated species, which he named "European Biological Species" (EBS) A through E.〔 About the same time, the North American ''A. mellea'' was shown to be ten different species (North American Biological Species, or NABS I through X);〔 NABS VII was demonstrated shortly after to be the same species as EBS E.〔 Because several research groups had worked with this widely distributed species, it was assigned several different names. The species that Korhonen called EBS B was named ''A. bulbosa'' by Helga Marxmüller in 1982,〔 as it was thought to be equivalent to ''Armillaria mellea'' var. ''bulbosa'', first described by Joseph Barla in 1887,〔 and later raised to species status by Josef Velenovský in 1927.〔 In 1973, the French mycologist Henri Romagnesi, unaware of Velenovský's publication, published a description of the species he called ''Armillariella bulbosa'', based on specimens he had found near Compiègne and Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte in France. These specimens were later demonstrated to be the same species as the EBS E of Korhonen; EBS B was later determined to be ''A. cepistipes''.〔 Therefore, the name ''A. bulbosa'' was a misapplied name for EBS E. In 1987 Romagnesi and Marxmüller renamed EBS E to ''Armillaria gallica''.〔 Another synonym, ''A. lutea'', had originally been described by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1874,〔 and proposed as a name for EBS E.〔〔 Although the name had priority due to its early publication date, it was rejected as a ''nomen ambiguum'' because of a lack of supporting evidence to identify the fungus, including a specimen, type locality, and incomplete collection notes.〔 ''A. inflata'' (Velenovský, 1920) may represent another synonym, but the type specimens were not preserved, so it is considered a dubious name (''nomen dubium'').〔 As of 2010, both the Index Fungorum and MycoBank consider ''Armillaria gallica'' Marxm. & Romagn. to be the current name, with ''A. bulbosa'' and ''A. lutea'' as synonyms.〔〔 Phylogenetic analysis of North American ''Armillaria'' species based on analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data suggests that ''A. gallica'' is most closely related to ''A. sinapina'', ''A. cepistipes'', and ''A. calvescens''.〔 These results are similar to those reported in 1992 that compared sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA.〔 The specific epithet ''gallica'' is botanical Latin for "French" (from ''Gallia'', "Gaul"),〔 and refers to the type locality.〔 The prior name ''bulbosa'' is Latin for "bulb-bearing, bulbous" (from ''bulbus'' and the suffix -''osa'').〔〔 ''Armillaria'' is derived from the Latin ''armilla'', or "bracelet".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Armillaria gallica」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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